A Guide to the Walter Freeman/James Watts, papers

Historical or Biographical Note

The Walter Freeman/James Watts collection, originally donated to the Himmelfarb Library of The George Washington University Medical School in 1980, was transferred to University Archives in April 2000. The collection represents the work of the first American team of doctors in psychosurgery. Dr. Walter Freeman (1895-1972) and his colleague Dr. James Winston Watts (1904-1994), developed a technique for neurosurgery on the frontal lobes of the brain commonly known as "lobotomy." Although considered a somewhat primitive practice by today's standards, this operation achieved a certain amount of success in significant numbers of patients suffering from severe depression, anxiety, and nervousness, and pain. (Success rate figures vary greatly.)

The collection consists of 77.5 linear feet, with materials dated from 1918-1988 (bulk 1940-1965).

This collection is of great value to scholars interested in the development of psychosurgery in the United States, since Freeman and Watts were pioneers in the field. (The first and second editions of their book Psychosurgery in the Treatment of Mental Disorders and Intractable Pain, published in 1942 and 1950, respectively, are contained in the collection.) Another collection in U niversity Archives related to this subject is the Thelma Hunt Papers, who was a Professor of Psychology at GW, and collaborated with Freeman and Watts on their book.

Walter Jackson Freeman II (1895-1972) earned world-wide fame for his work in the field of lobotomy. Freeman was born Philadelphia on Nov. 14, 1895 and received an A.B. from Yale in 1916, an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1920, and a Ph.D. from Georgetown University in 1931. He was professor of neurology at The George Washington University from 1926-1954, and became fascinated with psychosurgery (the scientific treatment of mental disorders by means of brain surgery). Freeman left GW in 1954 but continued his work in California, performing lobotomies and following-up on patients he had cared for up until his death on May 31 1972. He married Marjorie Lorne Franklin in 1924, and they had six children.

James Winston Watts (1904-1994) partnered with Freeman until 1949. He was born in Lynchburg, Virginia and graduated from the Virginia Military Institute and the University of Virginia Medical School in 1928 (where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha honorary societies). He worked with John Fulton at Yale as a research fellow after medical school, and in 1935 joined the staff of the Department of Neurosurgery and Neurological Surgery at The George Washington University Hospital, where he remained until his retirement in 1969. He was married to Julia Harrison Watts and had two children. After his official retirement, Watts continued to work with the George Washington University Medical Center (including an oral history project) into the late 1980's and he died in 1994.

The study of psychosurgery has its origins in the last decades of the nineteenth century, when Gottlieb Burckhardt, a Swiss physician, performed operations in 1891 to remove parts of the cortex of six schizophrenic patients. After the surgery, some of the patients became calmer, although Burkhardt was criticized by medical authorities at the time for performing such a radical procedure. In the 1930's, Egas Moniz, a Portuguese neuropsychiatrist, built on the work Carlyse Jacobsen and John Fulton had done on primates. He proposed operating on a human subject, surgically cutting the nerve fibers connecting the frontal and prefrontal cortex to the thalamus, which is responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex. In this way, Moniz reasoned, an interruption of the disruptive thoughts and behaviors of the psychotic patient might occur. Working with a colleague, he developed a surgical technique called leukotomy, in which holes were drilled in the head and a special wire knife, called a leukotome, was inserted into the brain matter. Moniz reported that in several cases severely agitated, anxious, or depressed patients showed improvement in their symptoms, although he cautioned using this technique as a last resort only. Walter Freeman read Moniz's reports, and embraced the idea of leukotomy. In September of 1936 Freeman and Watts operated on a 63 year-old woman who was suffering from depression, agitation, and fear. Following the operation, she was calm and her sense of terror seemed to have disappeared. After performing several more procedures, they published their first report in November, stating that anxiety, confusion, phobias, hallucinations, and delusions had been relieved or erased entirely in some patients. There was a down side to the procedure, which the doctors recognized, saying "Every patient probably loses something by this operation, some sparkle, some spontaneity, some flavor of their personality." Freeman and Watts changed the name of the procedure from "leukotomy" to "lobotomy," to distinguish their technique from that used by Moniz. They perfected what came to be known as the "Freeman-Watts Procedure," after much experimentation, but began to perceive the limitations of this operation early on. The initial professional reaction to the operations drew outraged responses from psychoanalysts and psychiatrists, although these reservations were not voiced to the public at the time. The introduction and wide acceptance around this time of shock therapies soon appeared a more acceptable alternative to lobotomies. Freeman was a neurologist, and neurologists had traditionally taken the view that there were physical causes for mental illness that required physical treatment. Psychiatrists on the other hand had argued that mental disorder was exclusively a problem of the mind. In the end, it was overcrowded institutions and limited mental health budgets that persuaded the medical community to adopt lobotomy as a popular course of treatment. The economic arguments were very strong: a lobotomy could be performed for $250 while it could cost $35,000 or more a year to maintain a patient in a hospital.

Walter Freeman was very good at convincing the press about the promises of lobotomy, and pushed it as a valid procedure. Up until 1945, Freeman had never actually performed a lobotomy himself, and wanted to develop a version of the operation that could be performed not just by neurosurgeons, but by anyone. During the winter of 1945, Freeman tried to develop a trans orbital (entry above the eye) approach to lobotomy, practicing on corpses. The instruments he and Watts were using were not strong enough to penetrate the orbital bone and kept breaking. Needing an implement that was slender, sharp, and strong, Freeman found precisely what he was looking for in a cheap, mass produced ice pick. Adapting it with a special hammer shaped head (which allowed easier manipulation), this instrument was used in the first trans orbital lobotomies in America in a procedure that came to be known as the "ice pick lobotomy." Armed with his new tool, Freeman was convinced that a trans orbital would be a simple piece of surgery not requiring the assistance of a neurosurgeon. He decided that he would operate on his first living patient without telling Watts, not dwelling on his own lack of surgical experience.

By his tenth patient, Freeman felt confident enough to inform Watts of what he had been doing. Watts was not happy, since he believed only a trained neurosurgeon should perform such an operation, and threatened to break with Freeman if he continued. It was the beginning of the end of their relationship and within months Watts left the joint practice they ran. By 1948, when Freeman was elected president of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, the Freeman Watts standard lobotomy had been performed on as many as 20,000 individuals worldwide. In 1949, Egas Moniz won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his pioneering work in psychosurgery, which in turn lent increased credibility to the practice of lobotomies. Between 1939 and 1951, some 18,000 lobotomies had been performed in the United States alone. By the early 1950's, rumblings about the effects of the lobotomy could be heard, as it was being used as a first, rather than a last resort by doctors. Post operative infections and fatalities were common, with autopsies showing large areas of the brain, not just selective nerves, being destroyed. It was impossible to judge recovery in many patients, and the inert, emotionless, inhuman, quality of those lobotomized began to revolt the public. Lobotomies were finally seen for what they were: not a cure, but a way of managing patients. It was seen by many doctors as just another form of restraint, and as some have put it, a mental straitjacket applied permanently over the brain.

For more information on Freeman/Watts and lobotomy, see the following websites:

http://www.geocities.com/~themistyone/freeman01.htm

http://www.psychosurgery.org/index.htm

N.B. This history note was written in 2005

Collection Organization

Organized into 5 series: Walter Freeman Papers; James Watts Papers; Publications - General; George Washington University Hospital; and Patient Records (patient files, case reports).

Subject Terms

Freeman, Walter
Watts, James W. (James Winston)
Moniz, Egas
Hirose, Sadao
George Washington University
George Washington University. School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Walter Freeman/James Watts, papers
Neurology
Frontal lobotomy
Psychosurgery
United States
Washington (D.C.)
Portugal
Paris (France)
Rome (Italy)

Detailed Description of the Records

MS0803/001: Walter Freeman Papers

11.5 Linear feet

This series comprises the papers of Dr. Walter Freeman. It consists of 11.5 linear feet of material, and ranges in date from 1918-72. It is divided into the following groups: correspondence; personal papers; manuscripts; publications; conferences, papers, lectures; research; books; photographs; and artifacts.

The correspondence material consists of 3 linear feet, including Christmas cards former patients exchanged with Dr. Freeman over the years. The materials are arranged chronologically by subject and range in date from 1923-72. Prominent in this sub-series is Freeman's correspondence with Egas Moniz, correspondence while living abroad in Paris and Rome after graduating from medical school, and correspondence with publisher Charles C. Thomas regarding the book Psychosurgery published in 1942.

The personal papers material consists of 1 linear foot of Freeman's lecture notes while a medical student while at the University of Pennsylvania, and notes on essays on various subjects, as well as Freeman's C.V. and an FBI report on him (gift of Walter Freeman III in November 2003). The materials are arranged alphabetically and range in date from 1918-72.

The manuscripts material consists of 1.5 linear foot of Freeman's writings (unless otherwise noted), including "Adventures in Lobotomy" (incomplete), a paper outlining the development of the department of neurology at GW, and his autobiography. This series also includes two theses about Freeman written by students at Harvard University. The materials are arrange alphabetically and range in date from ca.1920-88.

The publications material consists of 2.5 linear feet of Freeman's publications, and includes ten bound volumes (which contain a list of articles), and others are listed individually. Many of the publications were co-authored with James Watts. They are arranged chronologically and range in date from 1921-71.

The conferences, papers, lectures material consists of 1 linear foot of materials related to conferences Freeman attended and papers he presented. The materials are arranged alphabetically and range in date from 1919-68.

The research material consists of 0.5 linear feet of Freeman's research notes and reports. The materials are arranged alphabetically and range in date from 1921-61.

The books material consists of 1 linear feet of books written by Freeman, and include Psychosurgery (1942 and 1950 editions, as well as the manuscript for 1942 edition) and Neuropathology: The Anatomical Foundation of Nervous Diseases (1933). It also contains news clippings and magazine articles on Freeman and lobotomy. The material ranges in date from 1923-80.

The photographs material consists of 0.5 linear feet, and includes a photo of Freeman and Watts operating on a patient, Egas Moniz, the portrait of Freeman that hangs in Himmelfarb Library, and family photos. They are arranged alphabetically and range in date from 1916-71.

The artifacts material consists of 0.5 linear feet of medical instruments belonging to Dr. Freeman, including leucotomes and an ice pick that Freeman may have used to perform transorbial lobotomies).

Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 1]
Correspondence: General 1938-1953

[Box 1 Folder 1]
Correspondence: General 1946

[Box 1 Folder 2]
Correspondence: General 1947

[Box 1 Folder 3]
Correspondence: General 1951-1953

[Box 1 Folder 4]
Correspondence General 1954

[Box 1 Folder 5]
Correspondence: General 1955

[Box 1 Folder 6]
Correspondence: General [1/2] 1956

[Box 1 Folder 7]
Correspondence: General [2/2] 1956

[Box 1 Folder 8]
Correspondence: General 1957

[Box 1 Folder 9]
Correspondence: General 1958-1959

[Box 1 Folder 10]
Correspondence: General 1960

[Box 1 Folder 11]
Correspondence: General 1961

[Box 1 Folder 12]
Correspondence: General 1962

[Box 1 Folder 13]
Correspondence: General 1963

[Box 1 Folder 14]
Correspondence: General 1964

[Box 1 Folder 15]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 2]
Correspondence: General 1965

[Box 2 Folder 1]
Correspondence: General 1966

[Box 2 Folder 2]
Correspondence: General 1967

[Box 2 Folder 3]
Correspondence: General [1/2] 1968

[Box 2 Folder 4]
Correspondence: General [2/2] 1968

[Box 2 Folder 5]
Correspondence: General 1969-1970

[Box 2 Folder 6]
Correspondence: American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology 1957-1959

[Box 2 Folder 7]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher - Contracts 1941

[Box 2 Folder 8]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher (including reviews of "Psychosurgery") 1940

[Box 2 Folder 9]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1941

[Box 2 Folder 10]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1942-1943

[Box 2 Folder 11]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1945-1949

[Box 2 Folder 12]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1950

[Box 2 Folder 13]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1951

[Box 2 Folder 14]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 3]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1952

[Box 3 Folder 1]
Correspondence: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher 1953-1956

[Box 3 Folder 2]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards 1956

[Box 3 Folder 3]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [1/3] 1957

[Box 3 Folder 4]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [2/3] 1957

[Box 3 Folder 5]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [3/3] 1957

[Box 3 Folder 6]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards 1960

[Box 3 Folder 7]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards 1961

[Box 3 Folder 8]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards 1962

[Box 3 Folder 9]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [1/7] 1963

[Box 3 Folder 10]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [2/7] 1963

[Box 3 Folder 11]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [3/7] 1963

[Box 3 Folder 12]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [4/7] 1963

[Box 3 Folder 13]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [5/7] 1963

[Box 3 Folder 14]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [6/7] 1963

[Box 3 Folder 15]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 4]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [7/7] 1963

[Box 4 Folder 1]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [1/4] 1964

[Box 4 Folder 2]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [2/4] 1964

[Box 4 Folder 3]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [3/4] 1964

[Box 4 Folder 4]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [4/4] 1964

[Box 4 Folder 5]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards 1965

[Box 4 Folder 6]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards 1966

[Box 4 Folder 7]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [1/4] 1967

[Box 4 Folder 8]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [2/4] 1967

[Box 4 Folder 9]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [3/4] 1967

[Box 4 Folder 10]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [4/4] 1967

[Box 4 Folder 11]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [1/5] 1968

[Box 4 Folder 12]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 5]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [2/5] 1968

[Box 5 Folder 1]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [3/5] 1968

[Box 5 Folder 2]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [4/5] 1968

[Box 5 Folder 3]
Correspondence: Christmas Cards [5/5] 1968

[Box 5 Folder 4]
Correspondence: Davidson Lecture Fund 1943

[Box 5 Folder 5]
Correspondence: Hirose, Sadao 1955-1972

[Box 5 Folder 6]
Correspondence: Letters of acknowledgement for reprints 1957-1959

[Box 5 Folder 7]
Correspondence: Letters of acknowledgement for reprints 1961-1967

[Box 5 Folder 8]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1936

[Box 5 Folder 9]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1937

[Box 5 Folder 10]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1938

[Box 5 Folder 11]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1939-1940

[Box 5 Folder 12]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1942

[Box 5 Folder 13]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1943

[Box 5 Folder 14]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1944

[Box 5 Folder 15]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1945

[Box 5 Folder 16]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1946

[Box 5 Folder 17]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1947

[Box 5 Folder 18]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1948

[Box 5 Folder 19]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1949

[Box 5 Folder 20]
Correspondence: Moniz, Egas 1950-1952

[Box 5 Folder 21]
Correspondence: Death of Egas Moniz 1955

[Box 5 Folder 22]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 6]
Correspondence: regarding book "Psychosurgery," 1941-1942

[Box 6 Folder 1]
Correspondence: regarding Dr. Luigi Perria 1951

[Box 6 Folder 2]
Correspondence: resignation from St. Elizabeth’s Hospital 1933

[Box 6 Folder 3]
Correspondence: West Virginia Psychological Project 1956-1957

[Box 6 Folder 4]
Correspondence: Personal Correspondence and sketches (Paris) 1923

[Box 6 Folder 5]
Correspondence: Personal Correspondence and sketches (Rome and Vienna) 1923-1924

[Box 6 Folder 6]
Correspondence: PersonalCorrespondence and sketches [1/3] 1924-1926

[Box 6 Folder 7]
Correspondence: Personal Correspondence and sketches [2/3] 1924-1926

[Box 6 Folder 8]
Correspondence: Personal Correspondence and sketches [3/3] 1924-1926

[Box 6 Folder 9]
Correspondence: Personal Letter to Yale roommate’s father 11/28/1918

[Box 6 Folder 10]
Personal Papers: "The Ambulance by An Interne" by Walter Freeman 1919 ca.

[Box 6 Folder 11]
Personal Papers: Application for Renewal of Narcotic Privileges 1949-1952

[Box 6 Folder 12]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 7]
Personal Papers: Bills and Insurance Policy 1939-1948

[Box 7 Folder 1]
Personal Papers: "Collection of Themes" 1918

[Box 7 Folder 2]
Personal Papers: Correspondence between Dr. Keen and Adm. Stitt regarding appointment of Freeman (grandson of Keen) 1924

[Box 7 Folder 3]
Personal Papers: Curriculum Vitae and FBI Report on Freeman

Donation from Walter Freeman III, November 2003

[Box 7 Folder 4]
Personal Papers: D.C. Unemployment and Social Security taxes 1945

[Box 7 Folder 5]
Personal Papers: D.C. Unemployment and Social Security taxes 1946

[Box 7 Folder 6]
Personal Papers: D.C. Unemployment and Social Security taxes 1947

[Box 7 Folder 7]
Personal Papers: D.C. Unemployment and Social Security taxes 1948

[Box 7 Folder 8]
Personal Papers: Effect of Thawing on the CO2 Production of Sciatic Nerve of Frog. 1919 ca.

[Box 7 Folder 9]
Personal Papers: "Five Elements - And Life" 1924

[Box 7 Folder 10]
Personal Papers: Good Driving Contest, by Walter Freeman 1915 ca.

[Box 7 Folder 11]
Personal Papers: H. Douglas Singer and the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, by Walter Freeman 1939

[Box 7 Folder 12]
Personal Papers: Handbook of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. 1939

[Box 7 Folder 13]

Personal Papers: Lecture notes in General Pathology and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania (notes taken by Walter Freeman) [1/3] 1917-1918

[Box 7 Folder 14]

Personal Papers: Lecture notes in General Pathology and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania (notes taken by Walter Freeman) [2/3] 1917-1918

[Box 7 Folder 15]

Personal Papers: Lecture notes in General Pathology and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania (notes taken by Walter Freeman) [3/3] 1917-1918

[Box 7 Folder 16]

Personal Papers: Obituary of Earl Baldwin McKinley 1938

[Box 7 Folder 17]

Personal Papers: Lectures and Clinics on Medicine and Surgery and Allied Subjects, University of Pennsylvania (notes taken by Walter Freeman) 1918-1920

[Box 7 Folder 18]

Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 8]
Personal Papers: On Beards, With Special Reference to My Own 1935 ca.

[Box 8 Folder 1]
Personal Papers: Perspectives on the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, by Hugo Carmichael 1963

[Box 8 Folder 2]
Personal Papers: Preliminary Lecture by Dr. Monro on Surgery and Medicine, notes compiled by Walter Freeman 1916 ca.

[Box 8 Folder 3]
Personal Papers: Psychological Plaques by Walter Freeman 1933

[Box 8 Folder 4]
Personal Papers: "Maternity: Abstract of a letter of a student Intern to a friend" 1918 ca.

[Box 8 Folder 5]
Personal Papers: Obituary 1972

[Box 8 Folder 6]
Personal Papers: The Religion of Science 1920 ca.

[Box 8 Folder 7]
Personal Papers: Santa Clara-Monterey Psychiatric Society "Let George Do It" 03/09/1959

[Box 8 Folder 8]
Personal Papers: Suppressed magazine article "Lobotomy-Commies Secret for World Domination," 09/1956

[Box 8 Folder 9]
Personal Papers: To the Little Unseen (poem about the developing child) 1955

[Box 8 Folder 10]
Personal Papers: Trip of the month to Europe in 12/1956

[Box 8 Folder 11]
Personal Papers: Walter Reed Army Hospital employment 1951-1954

[Box 8 Folder 12]
Manuscripts: Adventures in Lobotomy: Eqas Moniz, Chapter 1

[Box 8 Folder 13]
Manuscripts: Adventures in Lobotomy: The Fourth Estate, Chapter 4

[Box 8 Folder 14]
Manuscripts: Adventures in Lobotomy: Drive-ins and Jute Boxes, Chapter 5

[Box 8 Folder 15]
Manuscripts: Adventures in Lobotomy: Saw Dust Trail, Chapter 6

[Box 8 Folder 16]
Manuscripts: Adventures in Lobotomy: Prefrontal Lobotomy, Chapter 7

[Box 8 Folder 17]
Manuscripts: Air Castles [from Diseased Imaginations] 07/1958

[Box 8 Folder 18]
Manuscripts: Chemical Flogging 1920 ca.

[Box 8 Folder 19]
Manuscripts: Democracy versus Autocracy in the Home (Children and Adult Behavior) 1930 ca.

[Box 8 Folder 20]
Manuscripts: The Development of Neurology at GWU 1925-1954

[Box 8 Folder 21]
Manuscripts: Drugs that Affect the Mind 1960

[Box 8 Folder 22]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 9]
Manuscripts: Freeman’s Autobiography (original 342 pages) 1970 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 1]
Manuscripts: Freeman’s Autobiography (reading copy) 1970 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 2]
Manuscripts: Frontiers of Multiple Sclerosis 1943

[Box 9 Folder 3]
Manuscripts: Keeping Covered at Night 1925 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 4]
Manuscripts: Machine Methods and Medicine 1930 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 5]
Manuscripts: Mental Mechanisms and Psychosurgery

[Box 9 Folder 6]
Manuscripts: The Mind and the Body by Walter Freeman 1936 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 7]
Manuscript: New Explorations of the Psyche 1954

[Box 9 Folder 8]
Manuscripts: Physiological Psychology (with James Watts) 1944 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 9]
Manuscripts: Psychiatric "Dynasties" in the United States 1957 ca.

[Box 9 Folder 10]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 10]
Manuscripts: Psychosurgery: 1936-1946, with James Watts 1946

[Box 10 Folder 1]
Manuscripts: Psychosurgery Academic Lecture, with photos (delivered to American Psychiatric Association) 05/04/1950

[Box 10 Folder 2]

Manuscripts: Some Observations on Obsessive Ruminative Tendencies Following Interruption of the Frontal Association Pathways, with James Watts 12/09/1937

[Box 10 Folder 3]

Manuscripts: Thesis "A Disappointing Therapy: The Decline of Frontal Lobotomies in the Early 1950s" by Christopher Carter, Harvard University 1988

[Box 10 Folder 4]

Manuscripts: Thesis "The Theory and Practice of Psychosurgery: Dr. Walter Freeman and the Lobotomy Era" by Kenneth Rothfield, Harvard University 1984

[Box 10 Folder 5]

Manuscripts: With Camera and Ice-Pick in Search of the Super Ego 04/22/1960

[Box 10 Folder 6]
Bound Publications 1921-1930

[Box 10 Folder 7]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 11]
Bound Publications 1928-1936

[Box 11 Folder 1]
Bound Publications 1931-1935

[Box 11 Folder 2]
Bound Publications 1936-1940

[Box 11 Folder 3]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 12]
Bound Publications 1936-1954

[Box 12 Folder 1]
Bound Publications 1936-1954

[Box 12 Folder 2]
Bound Publications 1936-1954

[Box 12 Folder 3]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 13]
Bound Publications 1936-1954

[Box 13 Folder 1]
Bound Publications 1941-1943

[Box 13 Folder 2]
Bound Publications 1947-1950

[Box 13 Folder 3]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 14]
Publications: Bibliography for articles on psychosurgery 1929-1949

[Box 14 Folder 1]
Publications: The Columnar Arrangement of the Primary Afferent Centers in the Brain-Stems of Man 1927

[Box 14 Folder 2]
Publications: Mental Effects of Fatigue 1928 ca.

[Box 14 Folder 3]
Publications: Lewis Morgan- Notebooks of a Tory Medical Student (with Freeman family genealogy chart) 1930

[Box 14 Folder 4]
Publications: Psychochemistry Some physicochemical Factors in Mental Disorders 1931

[Box 14 Folder 5]
Publications: Torula Infections of the Central Nervous System 1931

[Box 14 Folder 6]
Publications: Symptomatic Epilepsy in One od the Identical Twins A study of the Epileptic Character 1934 ca.

[Box 14 Folder 7]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy in Agitated Depression 11/1936

[Box 14 Folder 8]
Publications: Diseases of the Cranial Nerves 1937 ca.

[Box 14 Folder 9]
Publications: Subcortical Prefrontal Lobotomy in the Treatment of Certain Psychoses 1937

[Box 14 Folder 10]
Publications: An Interpretation of the Functions of the Frontal Lobe 1939

[Box 14 Folder 11]
Publications: Intellectual and Emotional Changes Following Prefrontal Lobotomy 1940

[Box 14 Folder 12]
Publications: The Frontal Lobes and Consciousness of the Self 1941

[Box 14 Folder 13]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy 1942

[Box 14 Folder 14]
Publications: The Radical Treatment of the Psychoses and Neuroses 1942

[Box 14 Folder 15]
Publications: Correspondence regarding reprints of "Prefrontal Lobotomy: The Surgical Relief of Mental Pain" 1943

[Box 14 Folder 16]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy: Convalescent Care and AIDS Rehabilitation 1943

[Box 14 Folder 17]
Publications: Physiological Psychology 1944

[Box 14 Folder 18]
Publications: Section of Psychology 1944

[Box 14 Folder 19]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy: The Problem of Schizophrenia 1945

[Box 14 Folder 20]
Publications: Psychosurgery-The Problem of Deterioration 1945 ca.

[Box 14 Folder 21]
Publications: Surgical Treatment of Mental Disorders 1945

[Box 14 Folder 22]
Publications: Pain of Organic Disease Relieved by Prefrontal Lobotomy 1946

[Box 14 Folder 23]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy: Survey of 331 cases 1946

[Box 14 Folder 24]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1946

[Box 14 Folder 25]
Publications: Psychosurgery Review 1946

[Box 14 Folder 26]
Publications: Book review of "Doctor Freud: An Analysis and a Warning," 1947

[Box 14 Folder 27]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy: Indications and Contraindications 1947

[Box 14 Folder 28]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1947

[Box 14 Folder 29]
Publications: Psychosurgery: The Nursing Problem 1947

[Box 14 Folder 30]
Publications: Psychosurgery During 1936-1946 1947

[Box 14 Folder 31]
Publications: Psychosurgery: Summary for GWU Publication 1947

[Box 14 Folder 32]
Publications: Retrograde Degeneration of the Thalamus following Prefrontal Lobotomy 1947

[Box 14 Folder 33]
Publications: The Thalamic Projection to the Frontal Lobe 1947

[Box 14 Folder 34]
Publications: Confidential from Washington: Psychosurgery 1948

[Box 14 Folder 35]
Publications: The Frontal Lobe Functions as Revealed by Psychosurgery 02/1948

[Box 14 Folder 36]
Publications: Pain mechanisms and the Frontal Lobes: A Study of Prefrontal Lobotomy for Intractable Pain 1948

[Box 14 Folder 37]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1948

[Box 14 Folder 38]
Publications: Psychosurgery for Pain 1948

[Box 14 Folder 39]
Publications: Transorbital Leucotomy 1948

[Box 14 Folder 40]
Publications: Transorbital Lobotomy: Preliminary Report of Ten Cases 1948

[Box 14 Folder 41]
Publications: Psychosurgery, 1st International Conference, Lisbon, Portugal 08/04/1949-08/07/1949

[Box 14 Folder 42]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 15]
Publications: Psychosurgery: Neuropsychiatric Aspects 1949

[Box 15 Folder 1]
Publications: Psychosurgery: Neuropsychiatric Aspects 1950

[Box 15 Folder 2]
Publications: Lesions of Transorbital Lobotomy 1951

[Box 15 Folder 3]
Publications: Transorbital lobotomy in the Relief of Interactable Pain 1951

[Box 15 Folder 4]
Publications: Go South M.S: New Hope for Multiple Sclerosis 1952

[Box 15 Folder 5]
Publications: La Personalidad y Los Lobulos Frontales 1952

[Box 15 Folder 6]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1952

[Box 15 Folder 7]
Publications: Transorbital Lobotomy Problem of the Thick Orbital Plate 1952

[Box 15 Folder 8]
Publications: Book review of "Frontal Lobes and Schizophrenia," 1953

[Box 15 Folder 9]
Publications: Hazards of Lobotomy-Study of Two Thousand Operations 1953

[Box 15 Folder 10]
Publications: Surgical Treatment of Mental Pain 1954

[Box 15 Folder 11]
Publications: West Virginia Lobotomy Project 1954

[Box 15 Folder 12]
Publications: The Contributions of Egas Moniz: An Appreciation From America 1955

[Box 15 Folder 13]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1955

[Box 15 Folder 14]
Publications: Partial list of Freeman publications 1956-1973

[Box 15 Folder 15]
Publications: Egas Moniz (1874-1955): His Life and Work 1956

[Box 15 Folder 16]
Publications: Section of psychiatry: Twenty Years of Leucotomy 1956

[Box 15 Folder 17]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1956

[Box 15 Folder 18]
Publications: Transorbital Lobotomy versus Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Mentally Ill Tuberculous Patients 1956

[Box 15 Folder 19]
Publications: Frontal Lobotomy: A Follow Up Study of 3000 Patients From One to Twenty Years 1957

[Box 15 Folder 20]
Publications: Head And Shoulder Hunting in the Americas: Photographic Follow-up Studies in Lobotomy 1958

[Box 15 Folder 21]
Publications: Prefrontal Lobotomy: Final Report of 500 Freeman and Watts Patients Followed for 10 to 20 years 1958

[Box 15 Folder 22]
Publications: Psychosurgery: Present Indications and Future Prospects 1958

[Box 15 Folder 23]
Publications: American Handbook of Psychiatry 1959

[Box 15 Folder 24]
Publications: The Founding of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. 1959

[Box 15 Folder 25]
Publications: Northwest Medicine 1959

[Box 15 Folder 26]
Publications: Psychiatric Developments in Santa Clara County 1959

[Box 15 Folder 27]
Publications: Adolescents in Distress 1961

[Box 15 Folder 28]
Publications: Adolescents in Distress Therapeutic Possibilities of Lobotomy 1961

[Box 15 Folder 29]
Publications: Psychosurgery: A Quarter of A Century Later 1961

[Box 15 Folder 30]
Publications: Lobotomy after 65 1962

[Box 15 Folder 31]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1962

[Box 15 Folder 32]
Publications: West Virginia Lobotomy Project: A Sequel 1962

[Box 15 Folder 33]
Publications: Psychosurgery 1963

[Box 15 Folder 34]
Publications: Abstract and Comments on paper "Psychiatrists Who Kill Themselves" 1966

[Box 15 Folder 35]
Publications: Multiple Lobotomies 1967

[Box 15 Folder 36]
Publications: Psychiatrists Who Kill Themselves: A Study in Suicide 1967

[Box 15 Folder 37]
Publications: Thorium Granulomas in the Brain: Report of 4 Cases Following Prefrontal Lobotomy 1968

[Box 15 Folder 38]
Publications: Frontal Lobotomy in Early Schizophrenia Long Follow-up in 415 Cases 1971

[Box 15 Folder 39]
Publications: GW Medicine Magazine, including article on portrait dedications of Freeman and Watts, Spring 1970

[Box 15 Folder 40]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Acidosis of Anasthesia, Undergraduate Medical Association of the University of Pennsylvania 05/01/1919

[Box 15 Folder 41]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: AMA convention, news clippings of exhibit by Freeman on facial movements of patients 06/1931

[Box 15 Folder 42]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: AMA Suggestions for Authors of Section Papers

[Box 15 Folder 43]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Brain Stem and Cerebellum of a Five Months’ Fetus, Philadelphia Neurologic Society 04/27/1923

[Box 15 Folder 44]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Breathless Women, Sequoia Hospital, Los Altos, CA. 08/12/1955

[Box 15 Folder 45]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons 11/1953 ca.

[Box 15 Folder 46]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Case of Endotheliomoa of Brain one year after operation, Neurologic Society of Philadelphia 01/26/1923

[Box 15 Folder 47]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Cerebellar Atrophy, Philadelphia Neurological Society 02/27/1931

[Box 15 Folder 48]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Crush of the Spinal Cord, American Society of Neurosurgeons 06/14/1930

[Box 15 Folder 49]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: The Crystallization of Insoluble Silver Salts by Precipitation in Gels, Undergraduate Medical Association of the University of Pennsylvania 04/19/1917

[Box 15 Folder 50]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Depression: Current Concepts and Treatment, Palo Alto Stanford Hospital 09/16/1959

[Box 15 Folder 51]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Effect of Acid and Alkali on Respiration, Undergraduate Medical Association of University of Pennsylvania 05/01/1919

[Box 15 Folder 52]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Effect of Thorotrast Injections upon Ventricles and Subarachnoid Spaces, American Association of Neuropathologists 1937 ca.

[Box 15 Folder 53]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: The Frontal Lobes and Conciousness of the Self, Hartford, CT 01/1941

[Box 15 Folder 54]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Frontal Lobotamy and Hyprtension, Nervous and Mental Disease section of AMA, Atlantic City 06/1947

[Box 15 Folder 55]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Gastric Lues case presented before Pepper Medical Society, Mayo Clinic 12/12/1919

[Box 15 Folder 56]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Glioma of Medulla, Philadelphia Neurological Society 01/26/1923

[Box 15 Folder 57]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Hydronephrosis 4000 cc, Pathological Society of Philadelphia 04/14/1921

[Box 15 Folder 58]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Interpretation of Frontal Lobe Function based upon observations in 46 cases of Prefrontal Lobotomy, Harvey Cushing Society, Yale University 04/07/1939

[Box 15 Folder 59]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Lobotomy for Intractable Psychosomatic Disorders 1961

[Box 15 Folder 60]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Lobotomy in Older People by Walter Freeman Aqnews State Hospital 06/19/1959

[Box 15 Folder 61]
Conferences, Lectures, Papers: Multiple Cancer, Washington Society of Pathologists 02/01/1930

[Box 15 Folder 62]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 16]
Conferences, Lectures, Papers: Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies, Philadelphia Neurological Society 01/27/1933

[Box 16 Folder 1]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Neurologic Emergencies, American Association of General Practitioners, San Mateo, CA 11/26/1957

[Box 16 Folder 2]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Notes on Prefrontal Lobotomy: Paper presented at George Washington Faculty Luncheon 10/21/1936

[Box 16 Folder 3]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Physical Treatments in Mental Disorders: Comparisons of Chemical, Electrical and Surgical Methods, VA Hospital, Roseburg, OR 09/22/1959

[Box 16 Folder 4]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Prefrontal Lobotomy: Final Report of 500 Freeman and Watts patients followed for 10 to 20 years, Southern Medical Association, Miami, FL 11/11/1957-11/14/1957

[Box 16 Folder 5]

Conference, Papers, Lectures: Prefrontal Lobotomy in Agitated Depression: Report of a case, Medical Society of the District of Columbia 10/01/1936

[Box 16 Folder 6]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Prefrontal Lobotomy in the Treatment of Mental Disorders, Southern Medical Association 11/20/1936

[Box 16 Folder 7]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Primary Myopathy, Washington Society of Pathologists 02/01/1930

[Box 16 Folder 8]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, 24th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC 10/05/1953-10/07/1953

[Box 16 Folder 9]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, American College of Surgeons, Charlotte, NC 02/01/1954-02/3/1954

[Box 16 Folder 10]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, American College of Surgeons Sectional Meeting, London 05/17/1954-05/19/1954

[Box 16 Folder 11]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 05/17/1948-05/20/1948

[Box 16 Folder 12]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, Arizona Division of American Cancer Society 01/14/1954-01/16/1954

[Box 16 Folder 13]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, Association of Military Surgeons, Washington, DC 11/09/1953-11/11/1953

[Box 16 Folder 14]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, Program, International Conference on Psychosurgery, Lisbon, Portugal 08/03/1948-08/07/1948

[Box 16 Folder 15]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, International League Against Epilepsy, Washington DC 05/01/1954-05/02/1954

[Box 16 Folder 16]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, Proceedings of the Second Research Conference on Psychosurgery, New York 06/02/1050--06/03/1950

[Box 16 Folder 17]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Program, Southern Medical Association, Atlanta, GA 10/26/1953--10/29/1953

[Box 16 Folder 18]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Prophylaxis in the War as Evincing the Trend of Modern Medicine, Pepper Medical Society, University of Pennsylvania 03/02/1917

[Box 16 Folder 19]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Psychiatrists Who Kill Themselves: A Study in Suicide, American Psychiatric Association, Detroit, MI 1967

[Box 16 Folder 20]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Psychosurgery: An Evaluation of 200 cases Over Seven Years, Baltimore 10/22/1943

[Box 16 Folder 21]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Psychosurgery: Results in 200 cases (Abstract), American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, PA 05/1944

[Box 16 Folder 22]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: The Radical Treatment of the Psychoses: Alterations in the Personality Following Prefrontal Lobotomy, Montreal Neurological Institute 12/1940

[Box 16 Folder 23]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Recent Advances in Psychosurgery, Washington Academy of Neurosurgery 10/28/1964

[Box 16 Folder 24]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Results of Frontal Lobotomy, Association of General Hospital Psychiatrists, Boston, MA 09/25/1968

[Box 16 Folder 25]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Schnizophrenia in Childhood: Its Modification by Prefrontal Lobotomy, Institute of Living 02/26/1947

[Box 16 Folder 26]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Section on Nervous and Mental Diseases (transcript with Freeman’s comments) 06/05/1941

[Box 16 Folder 27]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Strangulation of Penis by Finger Ring, Urologic Society 11/28/1921

[Box 16 Folder 28]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Surgery Versus Drugs in the Treatment of Neuroses, Fresno County Medical Society, Fresno, CA 02/12/1957

[Box 16 Folder 29]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Thorotrast in Neurologic Diagnosis, Baltimore Neurological Society 01/1941

[Box 16 Folder 30]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Thorotrast Ventriculography, A.N.A. 1934 ca.

[Box 16 Folder 31]
Conferences, Papers, Lectures: Transorbital Lobotomy, Los Angeles, CA 05/20/1955

[Box 16 Folder 32]

Conference, Papers, Lectures: Visualization of the Spinal Cord and Roots of Lumbo Sacreal Plexus with Therotrast, Medical Society of the District of Columbia 04/13/1939

[Box 16 Folder 33]

Conferences, Papers, Lectures: When to Use What in Psychiatry/Drugs Useful in Neurology, Neuropsychiatric Orientation for General Practice 10/26/1058-10/28/1958

[Box 16 Folder 34]

Research: Acute Hemrragic Inflammation of the Suprarenals: Report of Four Cases, St. Elizabeth’s Hospital 1930 ca.

[Box 16 Folder 35]
Research: Biometrical Studies in Psychiatry 11/1928

[Box 16 Folder 36]
Research: Brief case histories of 20 patients

[Box 16 Folder 37]
Research: Cases of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Occuring in Brother and Sister 1922

[Box 16 Folder 38]
Research: The Cerebral Leucotome, n.a.

[Box 16 Folder 39]
Walter Freeman Papers

[Box 17]
Research: Critique of Somatic Therapies by Lauren Smith 1954

[Box 17 Folder 1]
Research: Drawings prepared by Walter Freeman (spinal segment, cerebellar system, sensory system, visual pathways 1924 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 2]
Research: Five Year Follow-Up at Athens State Hospital 1962

[Box 17 Folder 3]
Research: A Follow-up Study of Patients Treated by Thalamotomy and by Combined Frontal and Thalamic Lesions by E.A. Spiegel, et al

[Box 17 Folder 4]
Research: Frontal Lobotomy 1936 -1956: A Follow-up Study of 3000 Patients from One to Twenty Years by Walter Freeman 1956 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 5]
Research: The Functions of the Frontal Lobes Based Upon Observations in 40 Cases of Prefrontal Lobotomy 1939 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 6]
Research: Hallucinations: Their Motor Component and Surgical Treatment 1961

[Box 17 Folder 7]
Research: Human Brain: Nature’s Masterpiece of Engineering 1925 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 8]
Research: Lobotomy: A Comparison of Prefrontal Lobotomy (Freeman and Watts) with Transorbital Lobotomy by Walter Freeman 1950 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 9]
Research: Miscellaneous notes 1950-1960

[Box 17 Folder 10]
Research: Multiple Frontal Leucotomies and Other Psychosurgical Procedures: A Five to Ten Year Follow-up of 358 Cases 1961 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 11]
Research: Multiple Lobotomies: Inferences Drawn from 356 Cases 11/1960

[Box 17 Folder 12]
Research: Myoclonus Epilepsy 1930 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 13]
Research: Observations on Medical Temporal Lobotomy and Uncotomy in the Treatment of Psychotic States y W.B. Scoville, et al. (abstract).

[Box 17 Folder 14]
Research: Paget’s Disease of the Skull with Cerebral Compression 1931

[Box 17 Folder 15]
Research: Paralytic Torticollis (with photographs) 1930 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 16]

Research: Pattern, Distribution and Properties of Electro-Encephalographic Rhythms from the Depth of the Frontal Lobe in 60 Psychotic Patients by Carl W. Sem-Jacobson, et al 1954

[Box 17 Folder 17]

Research: Persistent Attention and Psychosurgery by Mary Francis Robinson and Walter Freeman 1955 ca.

[Box 17 Folder 18]
Research: A Pharmacological Study of Sodium Citrate 1921

[Box 17 Folder 19]
Research: Prefrontal Lobotomy for Relief of Pain with a Report of a New Operative Technique by [Everett G.] Grantham 1951

[Box 17 Folder 20]
Research: Present Status of Lobotomy by William Beecher Scoville 1954

[Box 17 Folder 21]
Research: Psychosurgery: One Quarter Century Later by Walter Freeman, Discussion given by Douglass Goldman 1961